Giorgia Meloni

Italy’s decision to slash tax incentives designed to lure talented expatriates back home has left 35-year-old marketing executive Serena Romeo in a bind.

Romeo left Italy ten years ago for brighter work prospects abroad – one of around half a million young Italians who have left the country since 2011 – and was negotiating a transfer to her hometown of Naples when she learnt she would no longer qualify for a tax break.

With little warning, Giorgia Meloni’s government curtailed the scheme from January 1st, judging its benefits did not justify the cost of around 1.3 billion euros a year in lost tax revenue.

Romeo, who works as head of brand marketing at a German multinational, has put her plans to return on hold. “Without the tax relief, I would earn significantly less,” said Romeo from her home in Berlin, explaining that returning to Naples would expose her to poorer employment opportunities, particularly acute in southern Italy.

“I don’t want to lose my peace of mind.”

Romeo’s concerns echo the sentiments of around 110,000 university graduates lost by the Bel Paese between 2011 and 2021, according to OECD data, equivalent to one-third of an annual graduate cohort, says Reuters.

According to GlobalEconomy.com’s index of human flight and brain drain, Italy is second only to Japan among the G7 economies.

In ageing Italy, the exodus of talented youngsters is exacerbated by one of the lowest proportions of university graduates among advanced countries, a combination that is straining the highly-indebted country’s economic fabric.

Italy’s export of intellectual capital lowers the country’s innovative potential, and in the long term its productivity, analysts say.

In a report published in January, the OECD warned that long-standing weaknesses in Italy’s tertiary education sector were preventing it from taking full advantage of productivity gains from new technology. Over the years, Rome has tried to combat the exodus of talent by offering increasingly generous schemes for those who return to Italy.

Before 2024, returners were offered a 70% tax break for five years, which could be extended for another five years in certain circumstances. For those who relocated to the poorer southern regions, the tax break was 90%, the Reuters report adds. However, the scheme had mixed results. Economy Minister Giancarlo Giorgetti said in October that 24,500 people had benefited from the scheme between 2015 and 2021, but only 1,200 were teachers or researchers – areas where Italy has a particular skills shortage.

Critics say the system distorted the labour market and was abused by people claiming to have relocated to southern Italy who were, in fact, working remotely from elsewhere.

The government’s slimmed-down scheme will target specific skills. Teachers and researchers who relocate will continue to receive the same generous tax breaks but transfers within an organisation are now excluded and a 50% reduction will apply to those on incomes of up to 600,000 euros. Many fear the changes will exacerbate the country’s brain drain.

In Trentino-Alto Adige, only two out of ten German-speaking students who study abroad return to Italy. Fixing the problem will require a multi-pronged approach, said local politician Julia Unterberger, one that addresses not just wage disparities but access to housing and childcare. Consultant Brunello Rosa believes financial incentives to attract skilled workers to return home are the quickest way to reinvigorate Italy’s economy. More than 40% of the repatriates have landed in Lombardy, the northern region around Milan, fuelling a revival of Italy’s financial capital whose output has grown by 10.2% since 2019 compared with just 3% for the nation as a whole.

“The situation in Milan is so vibrant, partly because there are plenty of young professionals with international experience that are bringing about change,” said Alessandra Mariani, a 29-year-old marketing manager in a big tech company who relocated from the UK in 2021, taking advantage of the abolished incentive scheme. Without tax incentives, she would not have taken the plunge.