The world needs to better manage its freshwater resources but thirsty new technologies touted as solutions could lead to "serious problems" if left unchecked, a UN report warned on Friday.

Roughly half of the planet's population is facing grave water shortages, with climate change-linked droughts affecting more than 1.4 billion people between 2002 and 2021, the report for the UN cultural agency UNESCO said.

As of 2022, more than 2 billion people were without access to safely managed drinking water, while 3.5 billion people lacked access to decent toilets, it added.

On top of that, pharmaceuticals, hormones and industrial chemicals are seeping into the world's rivers.

The report, titled "water for prosperity and peace," called for more water education, data collection and investment to address the crisis. It also highlighted the limits of new computer-led solutions.

"An array of technologies is available to improve both water supply, water use efficiency and the quality and extension of" sanitation services, it said.

 People collect clam in the shallow lake of Trapaing Andoeuk during dry season outside Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on Friday. AFP

But "several rapidly emerging technologies are highly water-intensive and, if left unchecked, could lead to serious problems in the near future." Artificial intelligence (AI) had "the potential to enhance (river) basin management, emergency response, and the operation and maintenance of water supply and wastewater treatment plants," said the report.

But "AI and related technologies require large volumes of water for computer cooling systems, in addition to the (often water-intensive) energy required to power the equipment." While climate change is projected to intensify patterns of record rainfall and drought in coming years, solutions to tackle that problem were also using up too much water, it added.

One such technique, called carbon capture and storage, syphons off CO2 from the exhaust of fossil fuel-fired power plants and heavy industry such as steel and cement factories in a bid to reduce planet-heating carbon pollution.

A volunteer distributes drinking water next to a bus stand on a hot summer day in Hyderabad. AFP

But "carbon capture and storage systems are extremely energy- and water-intensive," the report said. Energy production accounts for between 10 and 15 per cent of global water withdrawals, both to extract fossil fuels and cool thermal and nuclear power stations, it said.

While wind, solar and geothermal energy systems are more water-efficient, they still require lithium batteries for power storage.

Yet the extraction of lithium and other critical minerals for solar panels "is usually highly water-intensive, with significant risks to water quality" especially groundwater, ecosystems and local populations, the report said.

 Agence France-Presse