Greenland’s fishermen are under threat from climate change

Fisherman Helgi Áargil no longer knows what to expect on Greenland ‘s fjords, where he spends up to five days at a time on his boat with his dog, Molly, and the ever-changing northern lights in the sky as company. Last year, his boat got stuck in ice that broke off the nearby glacier. This year, it’s been very wet instead. His income is just as unpredictable. An outing could bring him around 100,000 Danish kroner (about $15,700), or nothing at all. The Arctic’s rapidly changing climate is bringing more questions for Greenland, the semiautonomous territory of Denmark that’s been shaken by US President Donald Trump’s interest in owning it.

While Trump’s approach to Greenland has shifted, the world has been unable to slow the effects of climate change. The Arctic is warming faster than any other region in the world, driven by the burning of oil, gas and coal. What that means for the fishing industry that largely drives Greenland’s economy is unknown. Fishing accounts for up to 95% of exports, many to the territory’s biggest market, China, along with the United States, Japan and Europe. Wrapped in a wool sweater against the freezing wind, Áargil explained how he fishes for halibut and cod. Other top catches are shrimp and snow crab, which including legs can reach more than a meter (3 feet) in length.

Traditional ice fishermen who make up half the local industry are seeing the most dramatic changes to the way they fish. “My father was fishing from the sea ice” one and a half metres (almost 5 feet) thick, recalled Karl Sandgreen, head of the Icefjord Center that documents climate change in the region and is based in the town of Ilulissat. That sea ice started disappearing around 1997, Sandgreen said, and fishermen who drilled through the ice to fish increasingly started to fish by boat instead. The use of boats allows fishermen to reach larger areas, but that can come with extra costs and pollution that that accelerates warming.

Fishing has shaped Greenland’s communities. The harbor where fishermen return to sell their catch is at the heart of every town or village. Before heading out, some fishermen pick up boxes from the island’s fishing companies to pack their catch which, in the capital of Nuuk, is winched from the boat to the fish factory.

Toke Binzer, the chief executive of the island’s single biggest employer, Royal Greenland, said he is increasingly worried about a future with greatly diminished sea ice. That could push traditional fishermen toward larger communities and into the ranks of commercial fishing. The challenge now is how to support traditional fishermen when there is sometimes “too much ice to sail, too little to go out on,” Binzer said. Already, that unpredictability has caused a “huge” problem.

Royal Greenland already loans fishermen money to buy a boat, which they repay from selling their catch, Binzer said. If everyone turns to fishing from boats, that could help economically but lead to overfishing, said Boris Worm, an expert in marine biodiversity at Dalhousie University in Canada. In Greenland, there are already signs of too much fishing close to shore as halibut are getting smaller, Binzer said. Worm agreed, calling it a classic sign of overfishing as the bigger fish are caught and the smaller, younger ones are left.

That problem could worsen as the retreating ice makes fish more accessible. Fish stocks could rise as the warmer weather causes increased rain and melting ice to bring more nutrients for plankton, which the fish feed on, Worm said.

He warned, however, that the fish may not behave as “predictably,” as in the past, perhaps by seeking new food sources if they can no longer feed on the algae which grows under the sea ice.

On his boat near Nuuk, Áargil considered another challenge: Warm weather is making some fish harder to catch as they go deeper in search of colder waters. “It’s too warm,” he said, looking at the hills around the fjord. “I don’t know where the fish is going, but there’s not so much.”

Options beyond fishing remain few in Greenland. Tourism is increasing but far from making up a significant part of the economy.

Tradition, too, is at the heart of worries about climate change. Already, dog sledders have been confined to land when there is no sea ice. “It’s really important for many Greenlanders to have the ability to go out and sail,” said Ken Jakobsen, the manager at Royal Greenland’s factory in Nuuk. Fishing is the “most important” thing.

In the capital alone, he said, there are more than 1,000 boats in the harbor during summer — in a territory where the total population is little over 50,000.

Meanwhile, investor interest in Greenland’s mining industry has increased since US President Donald Trump made repeated threats to annex the country, a senior Greenlandic official said on Monday. The interest has come mainly from the UK, Canada and countries in the European Union, said Naaja H. Nathanielsen, Greenland’s minister for business and mineral resources. “On the investors’ side, we did see an increase of interest in investments,” she said.

Though Trump first expressed interest in buying Greenland years ago, the past two months have been “hectic,” she said.

The Arctic island is an autonomous territory of Denmark that is strategically located and rich in minerals. Trump stepped up his rhetoric about taking control of Greenland throughout 2025 and into this year. He said Denmark was incapable of protecting the territory from Chinese and Russian influence. At this year’s Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada mining conference in Toronto, which runs until Wednesday, Greenland brought a delegation of over 20 mining companies.

Benjamin Gallezot, France’s interministerial delegate for ores and metals, said France was ready to take a minority equity stake in mining projects in Greenland to support their development.

Nathanielsen said Greenland was easing permitting and tax laws to encourage investments. She disputed that Greenland faces a substantial risk from China, noting that only two Chinese companies hold mining licenses in the country and both of those are inactive. “So that’s not a big success rate for Chinese investments,” Nathanielsen said. She said that while China remains an important export partner for Greenland, she does not view the country as a threat.

Agencies