Can Newsom block tax payments to the US government?

California Gov. Gavin Newsom threw down the gauntlet to President Donald Trump last week after Trump threatened to cut off all federal funding to the state. In a post on Friday on X, Newsom observed: "We pay over $80 BILLION more in taxes than we get back" from the federal government. "Maybe it's time to cut that off." Let's get the fundamental points out of the way right off.

First, both threats are fanciful to the point of serving as performance art. Trump's efforts to cut off congressionally allocated funds to public and private recipients have already run into a judicial buzzsaw, as would his threat to California were he to try to put it into action. In lawsuits brought by recipients of grants and loans, several federal judges have blocked Trump's actions.

In perhaps the most embarrassing climb-down by Trump, on Jan. 29 his budget office rescinded a memo freezing billions of dollars in expenditures by federal agencies — just a day after it had issued the memo. I asked the White House to be more specific about Trump's threat, and was told, "No decision has been made at this time."

On the other side of the ledger, nothing could be clearer than that the state has zero power to block the payment of federal taxes by California residents. This is money that never passes through the state's hands, and in any event it's the responsibility of individual taxpayers (or their employers, when the money is withheld from paychecks) to make the payments. The state does withhold taxes from its employees' paychecks, but the law mandates that it forward those withheld funds to the IRS just like private employers.

"The Governor is not suggesting that individual taxpayers cease paying their federal taxes," a spokesperson for Newsom told me by email. "However, the state is looking at all options to protect the interests of the people of California, including determining whether there are potential options that would allow it to retain some of the funding it typically sends the federal government." The office didn't specify further what that funding comprises.

Newsom was making a larger point, however. "The administration has been trying to portray this as a one-way street, that they provide all these dollars to California and somehow California is not deserving or worthy of them compared to the other 49 states," says H.D. Palmer, the spokesman for the state Department of Finance. "If we really want to have an honest conversation about inflows and outflows and the dollars that California provides to Washington, let's have a serious discussion. That's not what's happening here."

Newsom amplified his point about California's contribution to the federal treasury — albeit without the threat to cut it off — in an official statement also issued Friday. "Simply put," he said, "as California goes — so goes the country."

Trump hasn't specified what money he's threatening to cut off. But a look at the role of federal funding in the state budget provides an indication that sustenance for millions of Californians hangs in the balance, making this fight more than merely a contest of political micturition.

The state budget for fiscal 2025 includes about $1.8 billion in the federal government's contribution to the state's school lunch program that serves more than 1.5 million schoolchildren. An additional roughly $101 billion is the federal share of California's Medicaid program, known as Medi-Cal, in which 15 million Californians are enrolled.

Some $20 billion represents the federal contribution to California's substance abuse and mental health services, and $1.3 billion defrays the cost of supplemental food stamps for women, infants and children. That's a lot of money, but Newsom was right to observe that it's dwarfed by the money that California taxpayers send to Washington — and through Washington to most of the other states of the union. California consistently has been a "donor state," one whose residents pay more to the federal government than the state gets in return.

The recent figures are compiled annually by the New York-based Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, which adds up grants, contract payments, wages of federal employees, and Social Security and Medicare benefits paid to residents of every state, and matches them against federal personal and payroll taxes and other receipts to calculate a balance of payments for each state. (California doesn't count employee wages or Social Security and Medicare benefits as budget items.)

The Rockefeller Institute notes that the "taking" states — those that receive more than their residents pay out — tend to be those with high poverty rates, due to assistance programs such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, or food stamps) and Medicaid; those with a high proportion of seniors, due to Social Security and Medicare; those hosting big defense contractors and military bases; and those with lots of federal employees (Virginia and Maryland being the poster children in that category).

At least since 2015, California has ranked among the top five "donor" states as measured by their balance of payments, but not counting the extraordinary COVID assistance payments in 2020-22. It ranked first in 2018, 2021 and 2022 (apart from COVID assistance) and second (behind New Jersey) in 2019. The COVID benefits, which transferred pandemic costs to the federal government, severely skewed the balance-of-payments math; in 2020 and 2021, no state was a "donor" state.