Genomics study of Ghaf tree completed

The Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) and the International Centre for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA) have completed the first-ever population genomics study of the Ghaf tree (Prosopis cineraria) in the country, revealing significant genetic insights critical for conserving this iconic desert species and supporting the development of climate-resilient ecosystems across the UAE.

As the national tree of the UAE, the Ghaf is revered for its ecological, cultural and symbolic value.

It stabilises dunes, enriches soils and supports biodiversity in arid environments.

Yet despite its importance, little was previously known about the species’ genetic variation or evolutionary history – until now.

The study, conducted by specialists at the Plant Genetic Resources Centre of the EAD and the International Centre for Biosaline Agriculture, aimed to evaluate the whole-genome re-sequencing of the Ghaf population collected from across the UAE.

The samples included coastal plains, valleys, sand dunes, and mountain slopes.

The study has uncovered four genetically distinct groups. Through laboratory analysis of samples classified according to collection areas, one of these groups, detected in the foothills of the Hajar Mountains and the Jebel Hafeet National Park Reserve in Abu Dhabi, is distinguished by a genetically unique population that may represent an evolutionarily unique lineage compared to the other samples.

The findings offer a wealth of data that will support prioritising and optimising seed banking of these unique populations, and support rehabilitation and restoration, including national Ghaf Tree planting initiatives.

Moreover, the identification can be linked to environmental adaptation and stress response, providing valuable insight for guiding assisted gene migration and climate-smart restoration, especially in areas affected by desertification or salinity.

Digital tools were also developed as part of this project, integrated with an interactive genomic map that illustrates the relationship between genetic variations among the Ghaf populations documented in the study. These tools will help EAD’s experts, conservationists, and decision-makers plan long-term conservation sustainability strategies rooted in evidence-based science and accurate genetic data.

WAM