Doctor explains how the school holidays affect your child's brain chemistry

As school holidays usher in later bedtimes and increased screen time, the structured rhythm of term-time often gives way to a more relaxed schedule.

While this newfound freedom can initially excite young children, prolonged periods without a consistent routine can have unexpected impacts on their developing brains.

Dr Rowanne Dinning, a clinical psychologist at Cygnet Health Care, has highlighted the potential consequences of a vanished routine on a child's brain, offering guidance on how to balance summer enjoyment with essential stability.

Affects strength of neural pathways"The prefrontal cortex in the brain is responsible for executive functioning - which includes important functions such as planning, decision making and reasoning - and having a routine and predictability helps form neural pathways in that part of the brain because they're getting used all of the time, which means that we get better and better at decision making and planning," the psychologist explains.

"However, in the summer holidays when routine often goes out the window, these areas are not used as much so those pathways are not getting strengthened."

Increases stress hormones"When habits and routines fall off for a longer period of time that can cause stress for some young people, causing the stress hormones in the body, such as cortisol, to get higher and higher," says Dinning.

"When the cortisol levels increase in different parts of the brain, that can affect how these parts are working and developing."

Leads to emotional regulation difficulties"When children have routines during term-time, this can be quite rewarding and trigger dopamine increases in the brain. In addition, when they know what to expect on a day-to-day basis this predictability can help them regulate their emotions," the psychologist explains.

"However, when that is taken away, any stresses that come up might feel more difficult. Children are more likely to get bored and this might lead to impulsivity or increased risk behaviours.

"For some children, it can have knock-on effects and might lead to mental health difficulties such as anxiety."

Disrupts brain development at night"A good night's sleep is really important for the brain, especially in young children whose brains are still developing, because that's when the brain can process the day and have time to grow and repair," notes Dinning.

"In the holidays our sleep routine often changes and children might go to bed later or sleep in later and that can affect this brain development and repair process."

Impacts short-term memoryDinning also highlights how sleep and routine can have a significant impact on what children remember, particularly in terms of short-term memory.

"At night time we process the memories of the day, even the stuff that's been going on subconsciously. However, if we're not getting enough sleep, we might feel more irritable the next day and struggle with attention and concentration, which can have knock-on effects on our short-term memory," says Dinning.

"When things are predictable, we're more likely to recall things. For example, if you ask a child what they did at a certain time, if they have a routine, they are more likely to recall what they did in a particular lesson at a particular time.

"However, when that routine goes out the window, it can be a bit harder for them to organise in their brain where certain memories were and what time of the day they occurred, or what importance they have."

Affects circadian rhythm"A good routine helps set our circadian rhythm (the body's internal 24-hour biological clock) which dictates when you should sleep and eat, but when routines change and our circadian rhythms are a bit out of whack that can cause stress and anxiety," the psychologist notes.

Here's Dinning's top tips for parents who are keen to re-establish some routine during the summer break,

Encourage them to keep up with their regular hobbies"Where possible, help your child keep up with their usual interests, hobbies and sports," recommends Dinning. "Maybe ask them if they have a preference for a particular activity and then set a time for that hobby."

Make sure they stay social"Plan times where they can see lots of family and friends so they can keep that social connection going," recommends Dinning. "Socialising is really important for their social and emotional development, and also their communication needs as well."

Stick to regular bedtimes on Monday-Friday"Try and establish a bit of routine around when they are going to get up and when they are going to sleep, particularly Monday to Friday," advises Dinning.

Try to stay consistent with eating times"Try to stay consistent with the times they get up and have breakfast and have lunch and dinner," advises Dinning. "Eating dinner late and too close to bedtime might affect their sleep, and have negative knock-on effects on their brain."

Set a time for movement"Set a time for some sort of exercise or movement, so that they're always moving their body at a particular time of day," suggests Dinning.

Seek out help"If your child is really struggling, don't being afraid to seek some support from family members or local services if it's getting a bit too much," says Dinning.

"Your GP might be able to offer some support and there are also lots of helpful services for young people struggling with mental health including online resources such as the Mind website."

The Independent