The International Monetary Fund (IMF) on Friday slashed its US economic growth forecast as aggressive Federal Reserve interest rate hikes cool demand but predicted that the United States would “narrowly” avoid a recession.

In an annual assessment of US economic policies, the IMF said it now expects US Gross Domestic Product to grow 2.9% in 2022, less than its most recent forecast of 3.7% in April.

For 2023, the IMF cut its US growth forecast to 1.7% from 2.3% and it now expects growth to trough at 0.8% in 2024.

Last October, the IMF predicted 5.2% US growth this year, but since then, new COVID-19 variants and stubborn supply chain disruptions have slowed recovery, while a sharp spike in fuel and food prices prompted by Russia’s war in Ukraine further stoked inflation to 40-year highs.

“We are conscious that there is a narrowing path to avoiding a recession in the US,” IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva told a news conference, noting that the outlook had a high degree of uncertainty.

“The economy continues to recover from the pandemic and important shocks are buffeting the economy from the Russian invasion of Ukraine and from lockdowns in China,” she said. “Further negative shocks would inevitably make the situation more difficult.”

If large enough, a shock could push the United States into a recession, but it would likely be short and shallow with a modest rise in unemployment, akin to the US recession in 2001, said IMF Deputy Western Hemisphere Director Nigel Chalk. Strong U.S. savings would help support demand, he added.

Georgieva said price stability was important to protect US incomes and sustain growth, but there may be “some pain” for consumers in achieving it.

She said her discussions with US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen and Fed Chair Jerome Powell “left no doubt as to their commitment to bring inflation back down.”

US inflation by the Fed’s preferred measure is running at more than three times the US central bank’s 2% target.

Georgieva said the responsibility to restore low and stable inflation rests with the Fed, and that the fund views the U.S. central bank’s desire to quickly bring its benchmark overnight interest rate up to the 3.5%-4% level as “the correct policy to bring down inflation.” The Fed’s current policy rate ranges from 1.50% to 1.75%.

“We believe this policy path should create an upfront tightening of financial conditions which will quickly bring inflation back to target. We also support the Fed’s decision to reduce its balance sheet,” she said.

While Congress’ failure to pass Biden’s climate and spending proposals was a “missed opportunity,” Georgieva signaled that the IMF would support a scaled down version. “We think the administration should continue making the case for changes to tax, spending, and immigration policy that would help create jobs, increase supply and support the poor,” she said.

Georgieva also said the IMF sees clear benefits to rolling back the US import tariffs imposed over the last five years, which include punitive duties on Chinese imports and global tariffs on steel, aluminum, washing machines and solar panels.

US Treasury spokesperson Michael Kikukawa said the IMF statement shows the U.S. economy was confronting global challenges “from a position of strength” due to the Biden administration’s economic policies.

The Treasury also said Yellen, in her meeting with Georgieva, reiterated the importance of the IMF conducting “frank and thorough assessments” of IMF member economies. (Reporting by David Lawder and Andrea Shalal; Editing by Paul Simao and Richard Chang)

The International Monetary Fund has approved the release of $1 billion in funding for Ecuador following two reviews of its loan program with the country.

In September 2020, Ecuador obtained a 27-month loan from the IMF for $6.5 billion, of which $4.8 billion has been delivered so far. The new $1 billion disbursement was announced Friday.

The arrangement is meant to bolster Ecuador’s economic recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic, restore fiscal sustainability and reduce public debt.

“The Ecuadorian authorities plan to use the disbursement for budget support,” a statement from the IMF said.

While the war in Ukraine has had detrimental effects on some sectors, higher oil prices are improving Ecuador’s balance sheet, the IMF said.

In its statement, the IMF also highlighted Ecuador’s expansion of social assistance programs.

“Social assistance to low-income families continues to be expanded. Eight in 10 low-income families now receive government support, up from three in 10 only two years ago,” said Antoinette Sayeh, IMF deputy managing director.

Another review of the loan program is scheduled for later this year to determine approval of the remaining $700 million in loan money.

Ecuador has been rocked by nearly two weeks of Indigenous-led protests by demonstrators angry at rising fuel prices. President Guillermo Lasso has accused participants of attempting a coup. The executive board of the International Monetary Fund on Friday completed the first review of its $44 billion Extended Fund Facility for Argentina, its managing director said. The approval allows for the disbursement of about $4 billion.

Agencies