Japan’s industrial output slipped at the fastest pace since early last year in October, exposing widening cracks in the economy which faces a decline in domestic and foreign demand.

According to an official data on Friday, factory output has posted largest fall in almost two years. Unemployment rate and jobs-to-applicants ratio held steady in October. Manufacturing was pushed down by a decrease in the output of passenger cars, auto engines and heavy machinery equipment.

Industrial production fell 4.2% in October from the previous month, trade ministry data showed on Friday, below the median market forecast for a 2.1% fall and swinging from a 1.7% rise the previous month. That matched a similar decline in January last year.

Manufacturers surveyed by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry expect output to decline 1.5% in November and rise 1.1% in December, the data showed.

The decline in autos production has raised concerns that the government’s sales tax hike last month will have a more sustained impact on demand for cars and car parts.

“It is increasingly likely that there will be negative growth (in the fourth quarter),” said Takeshi Minami, chief economist at Norinchukin Research Institute. “Domestic demand is growing worse,” he said, adding that there appears to be a strong hit from the sales tax, which was raised to 10% from 8%.

The weak reading follows other gloomy data released this week that may further fuel calls on the government to craft a large stimulus package to keep the country’s economic recovery intact.

An official data on Thursday showed retail sales plunged at their fastest pace since early 2015 in October following the twice-postponed tax hike, boding ill for domestic demand.

The hit to consumption from the tax hike was also exacerbated by a powerful typhoon that swept across eastern and central Japan last month.

A government official said output was negatively impacted by temporary shutdowns of factories due to the typhoon and slowing production of big-ticket items following the tax hike.

A silver lining in the data came from a 0.9% increase on the previous month in electronic parts and devices, which also saw inventories rise 8.8%, suggesting firms may be preparing for an upturn in the IT cycle, although production in this sector tends to be volatile.

Minami at Norinchukin Research Institute said that it is too early to say whether a sustained pickup in electronic parts’ production will spread to the broader economy even as Asia-bound exports of such parts increase.

However, factory activity and the broader economy are likely to remain under pressure as weak manufacturers’ confidence, soft retail consumption and a delayed pickup in global growth hit demand.

Japan’s decision to implement the sales tax hike is seen as a crucial to repairing the industrial world’s largest public debt, which is more than twice the size of its $5 trillion economy.

But under the Bank of Japan’s current accommodative monetary policy, lawmakers could also step up calls for increased fiscal spending with financing costs extremely low.

Japan’s jobless rate and jobs-to-applicants ratio held steady in October, separate official data showed on Friday, suggesting the nation’s tightest jobs market in decades is holding up.

The seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was steady at 2.4%, matching economists’ median forecast, figures from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications showed.

The jobs-to-applicants ratio held steady at 1.57 in October from the previous month, health ministry data showed.

Japan is reluctantly attempting to open its doors to migrant workers as it battles serious labour shortages, raising the hackles of conservatives worried about mass immigration.

Meanwhile, Bank of Japan (BOJ) Governor Haruhiko Kuroda said the central bank’s ultra-loose monetary policy is aimed at hitting its inflation target, rather than funding government spending, warning against complacency in getting Japan’s fiscal house in order.

Ruling party lawmakers have been piling pressure on the government to compile a big spending package, increasing the chance fiscal policy could play a bigger role in sustaining a fragile economic recovery but at the cost of adding to a debt-pile that is the biggest among advanced economies.

Kuroda repeated his view that the effect of fiscal spending in stimulating the economy can be heightened if complemented by ultra-loose monetary policy.

Reuters