Resmi Sivaram / Agencies

The second phase of voting to the lower house of Indian Parliament did not reflect an overwhelming response though important states were involved.

An overall national turnout of 61.62 per cent is not exciting for the ruling party or the opposition, poll watchers said on Thursday as polling closed.

Thursday saw Tamil Nadu voting for 38 of 39 seats and other states like UP, Bengal, Karnataka, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, Manipur and Jammu-Kashmir - holding crucial constituencies - voting partially.

A partial voting need not be a key indicator, but the question arises why turnout was moderate.

An example is Maharashtra, the BJP-ruled state where it has a tie-up with the Shiv Sena, a party with a solid cadre base.

The polling was as low as 55.37 per cent.

Urmila Matondkar gestures during her election campaign rally in Mumbai. Francis Mascarenhas/Reuters

One interpretation is that voters are not particularly excited about this election, the experts said, highlighting that the indications hold negative signals for both the BJP-led NDA and the Congress and other opposition parties.

None of the parties were able to mobilise voters significantly.

However, they cautioned it is too early a feeling as five more rounds are scheduled. Only 8 of 80 seats voted in UP on Thursday.

Bengal found the highest percentage of voting on Thursday at 75.27.

It was followed by Manipur 74.69, Assam 73.32, and Puducherry 72.40.

The figures are primary and would be updated on Friday, Election Commission officials said.

The percentage as given by the EC on Thursday after polling closed: Assam 73.32, Bengal 75.27, Bihar 58.14, Chhattisgarh 68.70, Jammu-Kashmir 43.37, Karnataka 61.80, Maharashtra 55.37, Manipur 74.69, Odisha 57.41, Puducherry 72.40, Tamil Nadu 62.65, Uttar Pradesh 58.12, Bengal, the Trinamool Congress ruled state where the BJP had been working hard to make inroads, saw poll violence and a complainant to the poll body was the BJP.

BJP leader Mukul Roy, a defector from Trinamool, demanded deployment of 100 per cent central forces on polling day in Lok Sabha constituncies where voting is being held. He claimed that polling is being held peacefully in only those areas where central forces are deployed.

Citing the examples of Chopra in Darjeeling and Raiganj, Roy said voting only began much later in Chopra and only after the central forces arrived.

Clashes between BJP and Trinamool workers were reported from Chopra.

CPM leader Mohammed Salim’s car was attacked near a polling booth in Raiganj. Some unidentified men hurled stones at his car.

In Bihar, some people were injured when security personnel fired shot in the air near a polling station. Voters alleged that the security personnel pressing for voting in favour of a candidate.

Tamil Nadu reported bad EVMs (electronic machines) and EC admitted that 305 of them were replaced.

Urban constituencies including Bengaluru's four seats saw limited polling in Karnataka. Except for Bengaluru Rural which saw 59 per cent, all other seats had below-50 per cent voting. Of the 28 seats in the state, 14 voted on Thursday. Hassan and Mandya crossed 70 per cent.

 

Outside another station, a 55-year-old man said he would not vote. "Our leaders have called for the boycott of all Indian elections," he said.

But in many constituencies across India, men and women lined up from the early morning.

More than 157 million of the 900 million electorate were eligible to cast ballots on the second of seven days of voting.

Modi has put national security at the centre of his campaign to secure a second five-year term.

While seen as the favourite, he faces an increasingly tough challenge from opposition Congress party leader Rahul Gandhi.

Gandhi has gone on a relentless attack against the economic record of Modi's Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

Attacks and insults

Thousands of candidates from more than 2,000 parties are competing for 543 seats in parliament. The last vote is on May 19 and final results will be released on May 23.

"I am sure all those whose seats are polling today will strengthen our democracy by exercising their franchise," Modi tweeted as polls opened.

At a college in Agra, less than two kilometres (a mile) from the Taj Mahal, dozens of voters waited in line as polls opened.

"I voted because it's my right, it's my right to choose a good candidate," said 32-year-old tour guide Yusuf Ali.

"For us, it's the development, the education, the employment, that's the main criteria for us," he told AFP.

Good times

Modi and the right-wing BJP swept to power in a 2014 landslide with their promise of "achhe din" ("good days").

He has simplified the tax code and made doing business easier.

But despite growth of about seven percent a year, Asia's third-biggest economy has not provided enough jobs for the roughly one million Indians entering the labour market each month.

And in rural areas, thousands of indebted farmers have killed themselves in recent years.

Modi sought to counter critics of his campaign in a television interview this week when he said: "If farmers die, then it is an election issue, but when soldiers die then it is not an election issue? How can that be?"

Gandhi fired back in an interview with The Hindu daily, published Thursday, saying Modi's party had sought to "divert the narrative of this election by making national security their key election narrative."

"The fact is that the biggest national security issue is unemployment," he said.

Gandhi, seeking to become the fourth member of his family to take the prime minister's office, has pledged to end abject poverty by 2030 and give cash transfers to 50 million families.

The BJP has promised a $1.4-trillion infrastructure blitz to create jobs.

There have been repeated allegations of vote-buying in the run-up to the poll, and voting in a constituency in the southern state of Tamil Nadu has been cancelled altogether after $1.5 million in cash was seized by authorities.