Rodrigo Duterte is inoculated with Sinopharm vaccine by Health Secretary Fracisco Duque III at the Malacanang presidential palace in Manila. AP

The president of the Philippines is asking China to take back 1,000 doses of donated Sinopharm vaccine after facing criticism for receiving a shot even though it has not yet been authorized for public use in the country.

The Philippine health secretary injected Duterte with the coronavirus vaccine on Monday. An unspecified number of Duterte’s guards have also been injected with the Sinopharm vaccine in secrecy.

The president apologised but says his use of the Chinese vaccine was recommended by his doctors and did not breach any regulation because it was covered by a "compassionate use” exemption.

Critics, however, say Duterte made a mockery of vaccine regulations while ordinary Filipinos have struggled with a plethora of pandemic restrictions.

Philippine regulators have approved coronavirus vaccines from seven foreign pharmaceutical firms for emergency public use but only three have made deliveries so far.

Earlier, Duterte has ordered police to arrest anyone not wearing a mask properly, including below the nose, as the country battles to contain surging coronavirus infections.

Duterte issued the directive after a meeting with his Covid-19 task force — where everyone except him can be seen wearing the mandatory face covering — an official video released late Wednesday showed.

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Thousands of people have been punished for violating Covid-19 rules since the end of March, when restrictions were tightened in the capital and surrounding provinces after a spike in cases.

The justice secretary and police chief have urged officers to fine offenders or make them do community service instead of arresting them, following the death of a man forced to do a hundred squats as punishment for breaking curfew.

The violators could be held for up to 12 hours without charge.

But Duterte said police should get tough on rule breakers and arrest those not wearing a mask properly -- including those who leave their nose exposed.

"My orders to the police are those who are not wearing their masks properly... arrest them and detain them, investigate why they are doing it," Duterte said.

"It's not for me, it's not for us. It's for the interest of the country so you won't infect and you won't be infected."

Duterte last year told security forces to shoot dead anyone causing "trouble" in areas under lockdown, drawing condemnation from rights groups.

Duterte's spokesman Harry Roque confirmed the arrest order on Thursday, saying violators could be held for up to 12 hours without charge.

Rights group Karapatan slammed the latest directive as "brazenly unscientific and ineffective" as well as a "disproportionate use of force".

"Overcongestion and inhumane conditions in the country's detention facilities already pose risks to the health of prisoners -- and detaining hundreds of alleged violators in these cramped facilities where physical distancing is impossible to observe would only facilitate the rapid spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19," it said in a statement.

Police and soldiers have played a key role in the country's pandemic response, setting up checkpoints and deploying thousands of personnel to enforce stay-at-home orders.

The Philippines' caseload of more a million infections is the second-highest in Southeast Asia.

Agencies