African countries began officially trading under a new continent-wide free trade area on Friday, after months of delays caused by the global coronavirus pandemic.

But experts view the New Year’s Day launch as largely symbolic with full implementation of the deal expected to take years.

The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) aims to bring together 1.3 billion people in a $3.4 trillion economic bloc that will be the largest free trade area since the establishment of the World Trade Organization.

Backers say it will boost trade among African neighbours while allowing the continent to develop its own value chains. The World Bank estimates it could lift tens of millions out of poverty by 2035.

“There is a new Africa emerging with a sense of urgency and purpose and an aspiration to become self-reliant,” Ghana’s President Nana Akufo-Addo said during an online launch ceremony.

But obstacles - ranging from ubiquitous red tape and poor infrastructure to the entrenched protectionism of some of its members - must be overcome if the bloc is to reach its full potential.

Trade under the AfCFTA was meant to be launched on July 1 but was pushed back after COVID-19 made in-person negotiations impossible.

However, the pandemic also gave the process added impetus, said Wamkele Mene, Secretary-General of the AfCFTA Secretariat.

“COVID-19 has demonstrated that Africa is overly reliant on the export of primary commodities, overly reliant on global supply chains,” he said. “When the global supply chains are disrupted, we know that Africa suffers.”

Every African country except Eritrea has signed on to the AfCFTA framework agreement, and 34 have ratified it. But observers such as W. Gyude Moore - a former Liberian minister who is now a senior fellow at the Center for Global Development - say the real work begins now.

“I would be surprised if they can have everything set up within 24 months,” he told Reuters. “For long-term success, I think we’ll need to look at how long it took Europe. This is a multi-decade process.”

Historic challenges including Africa’s poor road and rail links, political unrest, excessive border bureaucracy and petty corruption will not disappear overnight.

And an annex to the deal outlining the rules of origin - an essential step for determining which products can be subject to tariffs and duties - has not been completed yet.

Meanwhile, 41 of the zone’s 54 member states have submitted tariff reduction schedules.

Members must phase out 90% of tariff lines - over five years for more advanced economies or 10 years for less developed nations. Another 7% considered sensitive will get more time, while 3% will be allowed to be placed on an exclusion list.

Finalising those schedules and communicating them to businesses must be done quickly, said Ziad Hamoui of Borderless Alliance, a group that campaigns for easier cross-border trade.

But efforts to implement the deal will also likely face resistance from countries’ domestic interest groups. Fears of losing out to more competitive neighbours initially made some countries, including West African giant Nigeria, sceptical of the pan-African project.

Still, proponents of the zone are confident that initial steps towards its implementation will already allow member states to quickly boost intra-African trade.

“Economic integration is not an event. It’s a process,” said Silver Ojakol, chief of staff at the AfCFTA Secretariat. “We must start somewhere.”

Meanwhile,  Bulgaria is expected to have finished 2020 with a lower than forecast fiscal deficit of 3.6 billion levs ($2.25 billion), Finance Minister Kiril Ananiev said on Friday.

The latest figure equates to 3% of gross domestic product (GDP), down from previous expectations of a 4.4% shortfall, with Ananiev citing government measures to bolster the economy with support for workers and businesses hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic.

“At the end of the year (2020), instead of registering a deficit of 5.2 billion levs, we will have a deficit of 3.6 billion levs. If there was not a pandemic, we would have had a balanced budget,” Ananiev said.

Bulgaria has spent 2.8 billion levs from state coffers to support workers and frontline medics while redirecting about 800 million levs from EU funds to help cushion the impact of the pandemic, the finance ministry said.

The finance ministry says the economy is expected to have contracted 3% in 2020 and is seen rebounding to 2.5% growth in 2021 with a budget deficit target of 3.9%.

Government spending is expected to have reached 47.8 billion levs by the end of December, up from 45.2 billion levs in 2019, mainly because of job-support schemes and bonuses to pensioners.

Revenue, meanwhile, is expected to have increased by 0.1 billion levs to 44.2 billion levs at the end of December.

Financial reserves, held under a currency regime that pegs the lev to the euro, stood at 8.5 billion levs at the end of December, Ananiev said.